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This article explains why UL and ETL certifications in North America provide the same level of safety assurance for electrical and EV products. Both marks test to identical UL, ANSI, and CSA standards and are equally approved by OSHA as Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories. The only real difference lies in market awareness—UL is more familiar, while ETL offers faster testing without compromising safety or compliance.

This deep analysis examines Tesla’s Full Self-Driving (FSD) program across technology, safety, business models, and regulation. It covers perception stacks, neural-network training with Dojo, OTA updates, FSD Beta capabilities and limitations, legal risks, and competitive strategies. The piece provides practical guidance for consumers and policymakers while assessing the realistic timeline for autonomous vehicle deployments.